{
 "schema": "annalist.findings/0.1",
 "company": "merck",
 "snapshot": "FY2026Q2_5351339c",
 "as_of": {
  "period": "FY2026 Q2",
  "period_end": "2026-06-30",
  "release_date": "2026-08-07"
 },
 "findings_version": "0.4",
 "conventions": {
  "ledger": "Append-only: records are never changed or removed; seq gives the order of writing. A thread is one claim of one rule, written <rule>/<claim>.",
  "strength": "Claim polarity times measure. A thread is Strengthened or Weakened when its strength moves by more than the band of its rule, otherwise Confirmed.",
  "states": {
   "New": "The finding is stated for the first time, or again after it was retired.",
   "Confirmed": "The finding still holds and its measure moved by no more than the band of its rule.",
   "Strengthened": "The finding still holds and its measure moved further in the direction the finding states.",
   "Weakened": "The finding still holds and its measure moved back towards the opposite direction.",
   "Retired": "The finding no longer holds: its rule now states another claim, or no longer applies."
  },
  "changes": {
   "initial": "The first record of the rule for the company.",
   "data update": "A later period, from a new report.",
   "restatement": "The same period with different figures, after the company reported them differently.",
   "methodology": "A new method version of the rule.",
   "wording": "A new wording version of the rule, with the same method.",
   "correction": "The same period with different figures after Annalist corrected how it reads the filings; the reason names the correction, and config/corrections.toml lists the earlier records it concerns."
  },
  "basis": {
   "recorded": "Recorded from the snapshot named, after its publication.",
   "reconstructed": "Reconstructed from the figures of the snapshot named, as at the end of the period shown, when the ledger was opened. Figures are as later reported, so restated figures replace the original ones."
  },
  "claims": {
   "higher": "the measure is above its value a year earlier",
   "lower": "the measure is below its value a year earlier",
   "unchanged": "the measure is within rounding of its value a year earlier",
   "stated": "the figure is stated without a comparison",
   "profit_after_loss": "a profit follows a loss in the same period a year earlier",
   "loss": "the latest period shows a loss",
   "positive": "the amount is positive",
   "negative": "the amount is negative",
   "net_debt": "total debt exceeds cash and short-term investments",
   "net_cash": "cash and short-term investments exceed total debt",
   "ahead": "the share of the forecast reached exceeds the share of the year elapsed",
   "behind": "the share of the forecast reached is below the share of the year elapsed",
   "in_line": "the share of the forecast reached equals the share of the year elapsed, within rounding",
   "minimal": "the measure is within the minimal band of the S&P benchmark table",
   "modest": "the measure is within the modest band of the S&P benchmark table",
   "intermediate": "the measure is within the intermediate band of the S&P benchmark table",
   "significant": "the measure is within the significant band of the S&P benchmark table",
   "aggressive": "the measure is within the aggressive band of the S&P benchmark table",
   "highly_leveraged": "the measure is within the highly leveraged band of the S&P benchmark table",
   "covered": "the sources of cash cover the uses",
   "shortfall": "the sources of cash fall short of the uses",
   "cash_backed": "operating cash flow exceeds net income",
   "accrual_led": "net income exceeds operating cash flow",
   "safe_zone": "the score is above the safe threshold of the model",
   "grey_zone": "the score is between the thresholds of the model",
   "distress_zone": "the score is below the distress threshold of the model",
   "below_threshold": "the score is below the threshold of the model",
   "above_threshold": "the score is above the threshold of the model",
   "high_score": "7 or more of the 9 signals are met",
   "middle_score": "4 to 6 of the 9 signals are met",
   "low_score": "3 or fewer of the 9 signals are met"
  }
 },
 "rules": {
  "corp.altman_zone": {
   "version": "1.0",
   "module": "scores",
   "title": "Altman Z'' zone",
   "measure": "Altman Z'' score for the latest fiscal year",
   "band": "0.25 points"
  },
  "corp.beneish_threshold": {
   "version": "1.0",
   "module": "scores",
   "title": "Beneish M-score against its threshold",
   "measure": "Beneish M-score for the latest fiscal year",
   "band": "0.1 points"
  },
  "corp.cash_backing": {
   "version": "2.0",
   "module": "quality",
   "title": "Cash backing of earnings",
   "measure": "net income attributable to the company less operating cash flow, over average total assets, per cent, over 4 quarters or for a fiscal year, whichever ends later",
   "band": "0.5 percentage points"
  },
  "corp.credit_band": {
   "version": "3.0",
   "module": "credit",
   "title": "Debt against the S&P benchmark bands",
   "measure": "lease-adjusted debt to adjusted EBITDA over 4 quarters or for a fiscal year, whichever ends later, with the lease figures that the quarters do not report estimated from the latest fiscal year; where no lease-adjusted value exists, debt to EBITDA on reported figures; a value that ends more than 15 months before the latest quarter end does not count; times; the claim is its band in the S&P standard volatility table",
   "band": "a change of band"
  },
  "corp.free_cash_flow_ttm": {
   "version": "1.1",
   "title": "Free cash flow",
   "measure": "free cash flow over the last 4 quarters, in the reporting currency",
   "band": "5% of the earlier amount"
  },
  "corp.liquidity_cover": {
   "version": "3.0",
   "module": "liquidity",
   "title": "Liquidity cover",
   "measure": "cash, short-term investments and operating cash flow over debt due within 12 months, capital expenditure and dividends, times, over 4 quarters or for a fiscal year, whichever ends later; debt due within 12 months is the larger of the maturity schedule and the current portion of long-term debt; a value that ends more than 15 months before the latest quarter end does not count",
   "band": "10% of the earlier cover"
  },
  "corp.net_debt": {
   "version": "1.1",
   "title": "Net debt or net cash",
   "measure": "total debt less cash and short-term investments at the quarter end, in the reporting currency",
   "band": "5% of the earlier amount"
  },
  "corp.net_income_yoy": {
   "version": "1.0",
   "title": "Net income against a year earlier",
   "measure": "growth of quarterly net income attributable to the company against the same quarter a year earlier, per cent; where either quarter shows a loss, the net income of the latest quarter",
   "band": "1.0 percentage point for growth; 5% of the earlier amount for amounts"
  },
  "corp.piotroski_score": {
   "version": "1.0",
   "module": "scores",
   "title": "Piotroski F-score",
   "measure": "Piotroski F-score for the latest fiscal year, of 9",
   "band": "less than 1 point"
  },
  "corp.revenue_yoy": {
   "version": "1.0",
   "title": "Revenue against a year earlier",
   "measure": "growth of quarterly revenue against the same quarter a year earlier, per cent",
   "band": "1.0 percentage point"
  },
  "corp.roe_ttm": {
   "version": "1.1",
   "title": "Return on equity against a year earlier",
   "measure": "change of return on equity over the last 4 quarters against a year earlier, percentage points",
   "band": "0.5 percentage points"
  }
 },
 "corrections": [
  {
   "company": "merck",
   "date": "2026-10-20",
   "text": "Annalist left the amortisation of intangible assets that Merck reports on a line of its own out of depreciation and amortisation: US$3.04 billion for 2025 against US$5.84 billion with it. The quarters of 2020 and 2021 around the spin-off of Organon mixed figures before and after it; each quarter now comes from one set of filings. Operating and investing cash flows of 5 quarters of continuing operations only are no longer published. Its 10-Q for June 2022 gives the interest paid of the half years 2021 and 2022 as the figures of their second quarters, and those quarters showed the half years, US$449 million for 2022. They now show the half year less the first quarter, US$238 million for 2022. Dividends per share of 6 fourth quarters derived from the figures of 2 filings are no longer published. Records 97 and 98 state the corrected findings: lease-adjusted debt of 3.5 times adjusted EBITDA over the 4 quarters to 30 June 2026, in the significant band, where the aggressive band was stated. Records 6, 27, 68, 91 and 95 cite figures that the correction changed.",
   "records": [
    6,
    27,
    68,
    91,
    95,
    97,
    98
   ]
  },
  {
   "company": "merck",
   "date": "2026-10-22",
   "text": "Changes against a year earlier compared 2 figures of different bases where a stock split, a spin-off or a restatement came between the 2 periods. 3 growth values changed, among them revenue growth for the second quarter of fiscal 2021, 4.9% before the correction and 21.9% on one basis. No finding states the changes concerned.",
   "records": []
  }
 ],
 "threads": {
  "corp.revenue_yoy/higher": {
   "rule": "corp.revenue_yoy",
   "claim": "higher",
   "state": "Confirmed",
   "since": "FY2025 Q3",
   "active": true,
   "records": [
    1,
    12,
    20,
    34,
    52,
    61,
    75,
    84
   ]
  },
  "corp.net_income_yoy/profit_after_loss": {
   "rule": "corp.net_income_yoy",
   "claim": "profit_after_loss",
   "state": "Retired",
   "since": "FY2024 Q4",
   "active": false,
   "records": [
    2,
    13,
    22,
    36
   ]
  },
  "corp.roe_ttm/higher": {
   "rule": "corp.roe_ttm",
   "claim": "higher",
   "state": "Retired",
   "since": "FY2024 Q2",
   "active": false,
   "records": [
    3,
    15,
    23,
    38,
    46,
    55,
    64
   ]
  },
  "corp.free_cash_flow_ttm/positive": {
   "rule": "corp.free_cash_flow_ttm",
   "claim": "positive",
   "state": "Strengthened",
   "since": "FY2024 Q2",
   "active": true,
   "records": [
    4,
    16,
    24,
    39,
    47,
    56,
    66,
    79,
    87
   ]
  },
  "corp.net_debt/net_debt": {
   "rule": "corp.net_debt",
   "claim": "net_debt",
   "state": "Strengthened",
   "since": "FY2024 Q2",
   "active": true,
   "records": [
    5,
    17,
    25,
    40,
    48,
    57,
    67,
    80,
    88
   ]
  },
  "corp.credit_band/highly_leveraged": {
   "rule": "corp.credit_band",
   "claim": "highly_leveraged",
   "state": "Retired",
   "since": "FY2023",
   "active": false,
   "records": [
    6,
    26
   ]
  },
  "corp.liquidity_cover/covered": {
   "rule": "corp.liquidity_cover",
   "claim": "covered",
   "state": "Confirmed",
   "since": "FY2024 Q2",
   "active": true,
   "records": [
    7,
    18,
    28,
    41,
    49,
    58,
    69,
    81,
    89,
    92,
    96
   ]
  },
  "corp.cash_backing/cash_backed": {
   "rule": "corp.cash_backing",
   "claim": "cash_backed",
   "state": "Confirmed",
   "since": "FY2026 Q1",
   "active": true,
   "records": [
    8,
    19,
    29,
    42,
    50,
    59,
    83,
    90,
    93
   ]
  },
  "corp.altman_zone/safe_zone": {
   "rule": "corp.altman_zone",
   "claim": "safe_zone",
   "state": "Confirmed",
   "since": "FY2023",
   "active": true,
   "records": [
    9,
    30,
    71
   ]
  },
  "corp.beneish_threshold/below_threshold": {
   "rule": "corp.beneish_threshold",
   "claim": "below_threshold",
   "state": "Weakened",
   "since": "FY2023",
   "active": true,
   "records": [
    10,
    31,
    72
   ]
  },
  "corp.piotroski_score/middle_score": {
   "rule": "corp.piotroski_score",
   "claim": "middle_score",
   "state": "New",
   "since": "FY2025",
   "active": true,
   "records": [
    11,
    32,
    74
   ]
  },
  "corp.net_income_yoy/lower": {
   "rule": "corp.net_income_yoy",
   "claim": "lower",
   "state": "Retired",
   "since": "FY2025 Q4",
   "active": false,
   "records": [
    14,
    21,
    45,
    53,
    63,
    76
   ]
  },
  "corp.credit_band/modest": {
   "rule": "corp.credit_band",
   "claim": "modest",
   "state": "Retired",
   "since": "FY2024",
   "active": false,
   "records": [
    27,
    68,
    91,
    94
   ]
  },
  "corp.piotroski_score/high_score": {
   "rule": "corp.piotroski_score",
   "claim": "high_score",
   "state": "Retired",
   "since": "FY2024",
   "active": false,
   "records": [
    33,
    73
   ]
  },
  "corp.revenue_yoy/lower": {
   "rule": "corp.revenue_yoy",
   "claim": "lower",
   "state": "Retired",
   "since": "FY2025 Q1",
   "active": false,
   "records": [
    35,
    43,
    51
   ]
  },
  "corp.net_income_yoy/higher": {
   "rule": "corp.net_income_yoy",
   "claim": "higher",
   "state": "Retired",
   "since": "FY2025 Q3",
   "active": false,
   "records": [
    37,
    44,
    54,
    62
   ]
  },
  "corp.cash_backing/accrual_led": {
   "rule": "corp.cash_backing",
   "claim": "accrual_led",
   "state": "Retired",
   "since": "FY2025 Q3",
   "active": false,
   "records": [
    60,
    70,
    82
   ]
  },
  "corp.roe_ttm/lower": {
   "rule": "corp.roe_ttm",
   "claim": "lower",
   "state": "Strengthened",
   "since": "FY2025 Q4",
   "active": true,
   "records": [
    65,
    78,
    86
   ]
  },
  "corp.net_income_yoy/loss": {
   "rule": "corp.net_income_yoy",
   "claim": "loss",
   "state": "Weakened",
   "since": "FY2026 Q1",
   "active": true,
   "records": [
    77,
    85
   ]
  },
  "corp.credit_band/aggressive": {
   "rule": "corp.credit_band",
   "claim": "aggressive",
   "state": "Retired",
   "since": "FY2026 Q2",
   "active": false,
   "records": [
    95,
    97
   ]
  },
  "corp.credit_band/significant": {
   "rule": "corp.credit_band",
   "claim": "significant",
   "state": "New",
   "since": "FY2026 Q2",
   "active": true,
   "records": [
    98
   ]
  }
 },
 "records": [
  {
   "seq": 1,
   "company": "merck",
   "thread": "corp.revenue_yoy/higher",
   "rule": "corp.revenue_yoy",
   "rule_version": "1.0",
   "claim": "higher",
   "state": "New",
   "change": "initial",
   "period": "FY2024 Q2",
   "period_end": "2024-06-30",
   "measure": {
    "value": 7.16329,
    "unit": "%"
   },
   "band": [
    "abs",
    1.0
   ],
   "strength": 7.16329,
   "text": "Revenue for the quarter ended 30 June 2024 was US$16.1 billion, 7.2% higher than in the same quarter a year earlier.",
   "reason": null,
   "successor": null,
   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "pl_quarterly/FY2024 Q2/revenue",
     "value": 16112000000.0,
     "sources": [
      "10-Q:0000310158-25-000014"
     ]
    },
    {
     "ref": "pl_quarterly/FY2023 Q2/revenue",
     "value": 15035000000.0,
     "sources": [
      "10-Q:0001628280-24-034715"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "basis": "reconstructed",
   "snapshot": "FY2026Q2_023720f5",
   "dataset_sha256": "023720f5954f34f171166d8b5508fe5586671cdfe2d1f38b9447dd6d5ddc4364"
  },
  {
   "seq": 2,
   "company": "merck",
   "thread": "corp.net_income_yoy/profit_after_loss",
   "rule": "corp.net_income_yoy",
   "rule_version": "1.0",
   "claim": "profit_after_loss",
   "state": "New",
   "change": "initial",
   "period": "FY2024 Q2",
   "period_end": "2024-06-30",
   "measure": {
    "value": 5455000000.0,
    "unit": "USD"
   },
   "band": [
    "rel",
    0.05
   ],
   "strength": 5455000000.0,
   "text": "Net income attributable to the company was US$5.5 billion, against a net loss of US$6.0 billion in the same quarter a year earlier.",
   "reason": null,
   "successor": null,
   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "pl_quarterly/FY2024 Q2/net_income",
     "value": 5455000000.0,
     "sources": [
      "10-Q:0000310158-25-000014"
     ]
    },
    {
     "ref": "pl_quarterly/FY2023 Q2/net_income",
     "value": -5975000000.0,
     "sources": [
      "10-Q:0001628280-24-034715"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "basis": "reconstructed",
   "snapshot": "FY2026Q2_023720f5",
   "dataset_sha256": "023720f5954f34f171166d8b5508fe5586671cdfe2d1f38b9447dd6d5ddc4364"
  },
  {
   "seq": 3,
   "company": "merck",
   "thread": "corp.roe_ttm/higher",
   "rule": "corp.roe_ttm",
   "rule_version": "1.1",
   "claim": "higher",
   "state": "New",
   "change": "initial",
   "period": "FY2024 Q2",
   "period_end": "2024-06-30",
   "measure": {
    "value": 25.7967,
    "unit": "pp"
   },
   "band": [
    "abs",
    0.5
   ],
   "strength": 25.7967,
   "text": "Return on equity over the last 4 quarters was 33.4%, against 7.6% a year earlier.",
   "reason": null,
   "successor": null,
   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.roe/ttm/FY2024 Q2",
     "value": 33.390458827104226,
     "sources": []
    },
    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.roe/ttm/FY2023 Q2",
     "value": 7.593731693028705,
     "sources": []
    }
   ],
   "basis": "reconstructed",
   "snapshot": "FY2026Q2_023720f5",
   "dataset_sha256": "023720f5954f34f171166d8b5508fe5586671cdfe2d1f38b9447dd6d5ddc4364"
  },
  {
   "seq": 4,
   "company": "merck",
   "thread": "corp.free_cash_flow_ttm/positive",
   "rule": "corp.free_cash_flow_ttm",
   "rule_version": "1.1",
   "claim": "positive",
   "state": "New",
   "change": "initial",
   "period": "FY2024 Q2",
   "period_end": "2024-06-30",
   "measure": {
    "value": 13147000000.0,
    "unit": "USD"
   },
   "band": [
    "rel",
    0.05
   ],
   "strength": 13147000000.0,
   "text": "Free cash flow over the last 4 quarters was US$13.1 billion, and operating cash flow was 1.2 times net income attributable to the company.",
   "reason": null,
   "successor": null,
   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.free_cash_flow/ttm/FY2024 Q2",
     "value": 13147000000.0,
     "sources": []
    },
    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.cash_conversion/ttm/FY2024 Q2",
     "value": 1.215055329062318,
     "sources": []
    }
   ],
   "basis": "reconstructed",
   "snapshot": "FY2026Q2_023720f5",
   "dataset_sha256": "023720f5954f34f171166d8b5508fe5586671cdfe2d1f38b9447dd6d5ddc4364"
  },
  {
   "seq": 5,
   "company": "merck",
   "thread": "corp.net_debt/net_debt",
   "rule": "corp.net_debt",
   "rule_version": "1.1",
   "claim": "net_debt",
   "state": "New",
   "change": "initial",
   "period": "FY2024 Q2",
   "period_end": "2024-06-30",
   "measure": {
    "value": 26434000000.0,
    "unit": "USD"
   },
   "band": [
    "rel",
    0.05
   ],
   "strength": 26434000000.0,
   "text": "Net debt was US$26.4 billion at 30 June 2024.",
   "reason": null,
   "successor": null,
   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.net_debt/quarterly/FY2024 Q2",
     "value": 26434000000.0,
     "sources": []
    }
   ],
   "basis": "reconstructed",
   "snapshot": "FY2026Q2_023720f5",
   "dataset_sha256": "023720f5954f34f171166d8b5508fe5586671cdfe2d1f38b9447dd6d5ddc4364"
  },
  {
   "seq": 6,
   "company": "merck",
   "thread": "corp.credit_band/highly_leveraged",
   "rule": "corp.credit_band",
   "rule_version": "1.0",
   "claim": "highly_leveraged",
   "state": "New",
   "change": "initial",
   "period": "FY2023",
   "period_end": "2023-12-31",
   "measure": {
    "value": 6.20284,
    "unit": "x"
   },
   "band": [
    "abs",
    0.0
   ],
   "strength": null,
   "text": "Lease-adjusted debt was 6.2 times adjusted EBITDA for fiscal 2023, and funds from operations equalled 1.0% of that debt. Both ratios are within the highly leveraged band of the S&P standard volatility table.",
   "reason": null,
   "successor": null,
   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.debt_to_ebitda/annual/FY2023",
     "value": 6.202839062767231,
     "sources": []
    },
    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.ffo_to_debt/annual/FY2023",
     "value": 1.0136608029116578,
     "sources": []
    }
   ],
   "basis": "reconstructed",
   "snapshot": "FY2026Q2_023720f5",
   "dataset_sha256": "023720f5954f34f171166d8b5508fe5586671cdfe2d1f38b9447dd6d5ddc4364"
  },
  {
   "seq": 7,
   "company": "merck",
   "thread": "corp.liquidity_cover/covered",
   "rule": "corp.liquidity_cover",
   "rule_version": "1.0",
   "claim": "covered",
   "state": "New",
   "change": "initial",
   "period": "FY2024 Q2",
   "period_end": "2024-06-30",
   "measure": {
    "value": 1.96703,
    "unit": "x"
   },
   "band": [
    "rel",
    0.1
   ],
   "strength": 1.96703,
   "text": "Cash, short-term investments and operating cash flow over the last 4 quarters equalled 2.0 times the sum of debt due within 12 months, capital expenditure and dividends.",
   "reason": null,
   "successor": null,
   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.liquidity_cover/ttm/FY2024 Q2",
     "value": 1.967033737813004,
     "sources": []
    }
   ],
   "basis": "reconstructed",
   "snapshot": "FY2026Q2_023720f5",
   "dataset_sha256": "023720f5954f34f171166d8b5508fe5586671cdfe2d1f38b9447dd6d5ddc4364"
  },
  {
   "seq": 8,
   "company": "merck",
   "thread": "corp.cash_backing/cash_backed",
   "rule": "corp.cash_backing",
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    "value": -2.72134,
    "unit": "%"
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   "band": [
    "abs",
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   ],
   "strength": 2.72134,
   "text": "Operating cash flow over the last 4 quarters exceeded net income attributable to the company by an amount equal to 2.7% of average total assets.",
   "reason": null,
   "successor": null,
   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.cash_flow_accruals/ttm/FY2024 Q2",
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   "snapshot": "FY2026Q2_023720f5",
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  {
   "seq": 9,
   "company": "merck",
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   "claim": "safe_zone",
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   "change": "initial",
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    "value": 2.80872,
    "unit": "score"
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 2.80872,
   "text": "The Altman Z'' score for fiscal 2023 was 2.81, above the safe threshold of 2.60.",
   "reason": null,
   "successor": null,
   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.altman_z2/annual/FY2023",
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   ],
   "basis": "reconstructed",
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  {
   "seq": 10,
   "company": "merck",
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    "value": -3.00737,
    "unit": "score"
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   "band": [
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   ],
   "strength": 3.00737,
   "text": "The Beneish M-score for fiscal 2023 was minus 3.01, below the model threshold of minus 1.78.",
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   "successor": null,
   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.beneish_m/annual/FY2023",
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   ],
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  {
   "seq": 11,
   "company": "merck",
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   "measure": {
    "value": 5.0,
    "unit": "score"
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   "band": [
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   ],
   "strength": null,
   "text": "The Piotroski F-score for fiscal 2023 was 5 of 9. The 4 signals not met were return on assets higher than a year earlier, long-term debt to assets lower than a year earlier, current ratio higher than a year earlier and asset turnover higher than a year earlier.",
   "reason": null,
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   "figures": [
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     "ref": "ratio/corp.piotroski_f/annual/FY2023",
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   "basis": "reconstructed",
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    "value": 4.35409,
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 4.35409,
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   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "pl_quarterly/FY2024 Q3/revenue",
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   "snapshot": "FY2026Q2_023720f5",
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   "seq": 13,
   "company": "merck",
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   "band": [
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   "text": null,
   "reason": "The rule corp.net_income_yoy now states the claim lower.",
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   "snapshot": "FY2026Q2_023720f5",
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  {
   "seq": 14,
   "company": "merck",
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    "value": -33.4668,
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   "band": [
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   ],
   "strength": 33.4668,
   "text": "Net income attributable to the company was US$3.2 billion, 33.5% lower than in the same quarter a year earlier.",
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   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "pl_quarterly/FY2024 Q3/net_income",
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   "snapshot": "FY2026Q2_023720f5",
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   "seq": 15,
   "company": "merck",
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 17.5809,
   "text": "Return on equity over the last 4 quarters was 28.3%, against 10.8% a year earlier.",
   "reason": null,
   "successor": null,
   "figures": [
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     "ref": "ratio/corp.roe/ttm/FY2024 Q3",
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    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.roe/ttm/FY2023 Q3",
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   "seq": 16,
   "company": "merck",
   "thread": "corp.free_cash_flow_ttm/positive",
   "rule": "corp.free_cash_flow_ttm",
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   "change": "data update",
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    "value": 14840000000.0,
    "unit": "USD"
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   "strength": 14840000000.0,
   "text": "Free cash flow over the last 4 quarters was US$14.8 billion, and operating cash flow was 1.5 times net income attributable to the company.",
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   "successor": null,
   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.free_cash_flow/ttm/FY2024 Q3",
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     "ref": "ratio/corp.cash_conversion/ttm/FY2024 Q3",
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   "seq": 17,
   "company": "merck",
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    "value": 23538000000.0,
    "unit": "USD"
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   "band": [
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   ],
   "strength": 23538000000.0,
   "text": "Net debt was US$23.5 billion at 30 September 2024.",
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   "successor": null,
   "figures": [
    {
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   "basis": "reconstructed",
   "snapshot": "FY2026Q2_023720f5",
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  {
   "seq": 18,
   "company": "merck",
   "thread": "corp.liquidity_cover/covered",
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    "value": 2.29545,
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 2.29545,
   "text": "Cash, short-term investments and operating cash flow over the last 4 quarters equalled 2.3 times the sum of debt due within 12 months, capital expenditure and dividends.",
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   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.liquidity_cover/ttm/FY2024 Q3",
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   ],
   "basis": "reconstructed",
   "snapshot": "FY2026Q2_023720f5",
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  {
   "seq": 19,
   "company": "merck",
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    "value": -5.45441,
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 5.45441,
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    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.cash_flow_accruals/ttm/FY2024 Q3",
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  {
   "seq": 20,
   "company": "merck",
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 6.79426,
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   "figures": [
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  {
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   "company": "merck",
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  {
   "seq": 22,
   "company": "merck",
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  {
   "seq": 23,
   "company": "merck",
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   ],
   "strength": 39.9328,
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   "company": "merck",
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  {
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   "company": "merck",
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 23422000000.0,
   "text": "Net debt was US$23.4 billion at 31 December 2024.",
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  {
   "seq": 26,
   "company": "merck",
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   "band": [
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   "text": null,
   "reason": "The rule corp.credit_band now states the claim modest.",
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   "snapshot": "FY2026Q2_023720f5",
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  {
   "seq": 27,
   "company": "merck",
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   "rule": "corp.credit_band",
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   },
   "band": [
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   ],
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   "text": "Lease-adjusted debt was 1.6 times adjusted EBITDA for fiscal 2024, and funds from operations equalled 50.0% of that debt. Both ratios are within the modest band of the S&P standard volatility table.",
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    {
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  {
   "seq": 30,
   "company": "merck",
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   "strength": 4.24147,
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   "figures": [
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   "company": "merck",
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   "company": "merck",
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   "figures": [
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   "strength": 34.0214,
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   "company": "merck",
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   "strength": 25616000000.0,
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   "strength": 2.29135,
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  {
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   "company": "merck",
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   "strength": 3.11715,
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  {
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   "strength": 1.89921,
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 18.8451,
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   "strength": 2.05324,
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   "strength": 14722000000.0,
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   "text": "Lease-adjusted debt was 1.9 times adjusted EBITDA for fiscal 2025, and funds from operations equalled 38.2% of that debt. Debt to EBITDA is within the modest band of the S&P standard volatility table and FFO to debt within the intermediate band.",
   "reason": null,
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   "figures": [
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  {
   "seq": 69,
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   "strength": 2.0847,
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   "reason": null,
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   "figures": [
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  {
   "seq": 70,
   "company": "merck",
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    "value": 1.4033,
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 1.4033,
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   "successor": null,
   "figures": [
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  {
   "seq": 71,
   "company": "merck",
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    "value": 4.22626,
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 4.22626,
   "text": "The Altman Z'' score for fiscal 2025 was 4.23, above the safe threshold of 2.60.",
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   "successor": null,
   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.altman_z2/annual/FY2025",
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  {
   "seq": 72,
   "company": "merck",
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    "value": -2.28058,
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 2.28058,
   "text": "The Beneish M-score for fiscal 2025 was minus 2.28, below the model threshold of minus 1.78.",
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   "successor": null,
   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.beneish_m/annual/FY2025",
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  {
   "seq": 73,
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   "band": [
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   "text": null,
   "reason": "The rule corp.piotroski_score now states the claim middle_score.",
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  {
   "seq": 74,
   "company": "merck",
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   "measure": {
    "value": 4.0,
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   },
   "band": [
    "abs",
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   ],
   "strength": null,
   "text": "The Piotroski F-score for fiscal 2025 was 4 of 9. The 5 signals not met were return on assets higher than a year earlier, operating cash flow above net income, long-term debt to assets lower than a year earlier, margin higher than a year earlier and asset turnover higher than a year earlier.",
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  {
   "seq": 75,
   "company": "merck",
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    "value": 4.87475,
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 4.87475,
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   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "pl_quarterly/FY2026 Q1/revenue",
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  {
   "seq": 76,
   "company": "merck",
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   "band": [
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   "reason": "The rule corp.net_income_yoy now states the claim loss.",
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   "seq": 77,
   "company": "merck",
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    "value": -4240000000.0,
    "unit": "USD"
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 4240000000.0,
   "text": "The company reported a net loss of US$4.2 billion, against net income of US$5.1 billion in the same quarter a year earlier.",
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   "successor": null,
   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "pl_quarterly/FY2026 Q1/net_income",
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   "seq": 78,
   "company": "merck",
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    "value": -20.3428,
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 20.3428,
   "text": "Return on equity over the last 4 quarters was 19.0%, against 39.3% a year earlier.",
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   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.roe/ttm/FY2026 Q1",
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   "seq": 79,
   "company": "merck",
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     "ref": "ratio/corp.free_cash_flow/ttm/FY2026 Q1",
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   "seq": 80,
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 43415000000.0,
   "text": "Net debt was US$43.4 billion at 31 March 2026.",
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    {
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  {
   "seq": 81,
   "company": "merck",
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   "strength": 1.63266,
   "text": "Cash, short-term investments and operating cash flow over the last 4 quarters equalled 1.6 times the sum of debt due within 12 months, capital expenditure and dividends.",
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  {
   "seq": 82,
   "company": "merck",
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  {
   "seq": 83,
   "company": "merck",
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   "strength": 7.34597,
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  {
   "seq": 84,
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 5.0677,
   "text": "Revenue for the quarter ended 30 June 2026 was US$16.6 billion, 5.1% higher than in the same quarter a year earlier.",
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  {
   "seq": 85,
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   "strength": 1335000000.0,
   "text": "The company reported a net loss of US$1.3 billion, against net income of US$4.4 billion in the same quarter a year earlier.",
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  {
   "seq": 86,
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   "strength": 28.4644,
   "text": "Return on equity over the last 4 quarters was 7.0%, against 35.4% a year earlier.",
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   "figures": [
    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.roe/ttm/FY2026 Q2",
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  {
   "seq": 87,
   "company": "merck",
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 16063000000.0,
   "text": "Free cash flow over the last 4 quarters was US$16.1 billion, and operating cash flow was 6.3 times net income attributable to the company.",
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    {
     "ref": "ratio/corp.free_cash_flow/ttm/FY2026 Q2",
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  {
   "seq": 88,
   "company": "merck",
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 46765000000.0,
   "text": "Net debt was US$46.8 billion at 30 June 2026.",
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   "successor": null,
   "figures": [
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   "band": [
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   "successor": null,
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   "band": [
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   "text": "Lease-adjusted debt was 1.9 times adjusted EBITDA for fiscal 2025, and funds from operations equalled 38.2% of that debt. Debt to EBITDA is within the modest band of the S&P standard volatility table and FFO to debt within the intermediate band.",
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 1.80395,
   "text": "Cash, short-term investments and operating cash flow over the last 4 quarters equalled 1.8 times the sum of debt due within 12 months, capital expenditure and dividends.",
   "reason": null,
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  {
   "seq": 93,
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   "band": [
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   "strength": 13.5805,
   "text": "Operating cash flow over the last 4 quarters exceeded net income attributable to the company by an amount equal to 13.6% of average total assets.",
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   "figures": [
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   "band": [
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   "snapshot": "FY2026Q2_c026b33f",
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    "value": 4.51278,
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   "text": "Lease-adjusted debt was 4.5 times adjusted EBITDA over the last 4 quarters, and funds from operations equalled 14.0% of that debt. Both ratios are within the aggressive band of the S&P standard volatility table. The lease figures that the quarters do not report are estimated from the lease cost of fiscal 2025 and lease liabilities of Q4 FY2025.",
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  {
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   "band": [
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   "text": "Cash, short-term investments and operating cash flow over the last 4 quarters equalled 1.8 times the sum of debt due within 12 months, capital expenditure and dividends.",
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   "snapshot": "FY2026Q2_5c4c1fa0",
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  {
   "seq": 98,
   "company": "merck",
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   "band": [
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   "text": "Lease-adjusted debt was 3.5 times adjusted EBITDA over the last 4 quarters, and funds from operations equalled 20.4% of that debt. Both ratios are within the significant band of the S&P standard volatility table. The lease figures that the quarters do not report are estimated from the lease cost of fiscal 2025 and lease liabilities of Q4 FY2025.",
   "reason": "A correction by Annalist; see the corrections of the company (2026-10-20, 2026-10-22).",
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}